![]() In conclusion, based on the results of studies in current databases, there are not enough data to evaluate the neuropsychological status, EFs, and intellectual capacity in adult patients with CM1. Studies investigating patients with CM1 have mostly focused on physical symptoms, medical comorbidities, and postoperative changes, and only a few have examined psychiatric comorbidities.16, 17, 18 Similarly, there are few studies in the literature that have studied cognitive symptoms associated with CM1.19, 20, 21 In these studies, adult patients have mostly been examined in terms of EFs, while the association with intellectual disability and intelligence quotient (IQ) has mostly been examined in the pediatric population. This compression may result in disruption of functions in these regions, deterioration of functional networks, and cognitive impairment. 13 In CM1, displacement of the cerebellar tonsils causes compression of the cerebellum and brain stem. ![]() 11, 12 In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown an association between the cerebellum and different cognitive functions (verbal fluency, working memory, visuospatial processing, sequencing, emotional processing, EFs, attention, language, memory, and social cognition). 7, 8 The posterior cerebellum affects and modulates various cognitive processes, such as working memory, multitasking, executive functions (EFs), planning, shifting, and inhibition.8, 9, 10 Cerebellar pathologies cause symptoms that include changes in the following 4 areas: EFs, spatial cognition, personality, and language functions. 6 The anterior cerebellum plays an integral role in the coordination of movements, while the posterior cerebellar regions play an active role in the formation of cognitive processes because of their reciprocal connections with cortical structures. 5Ĭontrary to popular belief, the cerebellum has been shown to be involved not only in motor planning, balance, and coordination, but also in cognitive processes. 4 Prevalence studies based on imaging have reported a community prevalence rate of 0.24%–3.6%. 2 It usually occurs in the third and fourth decades of life and is known as the “adult type.” 3 The majority of cases are asymptomatic, with most discovered incidentally as a result of imaging performed for other reasons. 1 It is estimated to occur approximately in 1 of every 1000 births and seems to be more frequent in women (1.3/1). Four types of CM have been defined, with the most common form being type 1 CM (CM1). Chiari malformation (CM) is defined as a hindbrain anomaly involving the cerebellum, brainstem, skull base, and cervical cord.
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